193. Modern engineering wonders
Vocab level: B2
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During the twentieth century, there were great improvements in engineering technology.
These new developments allowed the construction of many amazing tunnels, bridges, towers, and office buildings.
For centuries, people had dreamed about the possibility of connecting the island of Great Britain to the mainland of Europe.
However, it was only in 1994 that such a link was completed,
when a tunnel was dug under the English Channel, between England and France.
The Channel Tunnel, also known as the "Chunnel",
actually consists of three separate railway tunnels.
These tunnels are about 50 kilometers long.
They are located about 150 meters below the bottom of the sea.
Obviously, this was an extremely challenging project to undertake.
As a result of the Chunnel, it is now possible to travel between London and Paris by train.
And the trip takes only three hours,
of which only 20 minutes are spent inside the tunnel!
A suspension bridge is a bridge that is supported by strong wires that hang from tall towers.
The world's longest suspension bridge is the Akashi-Kaikyo bridge, near the city of Kobe, Japan.
This bridge is nearly 4 kilometers long, and the two towers near the middle of the bridge are about two kilometers apart!
It took almost 20 years to design this bridge, and 10 years to build it.
This bridge was designed to withstand extremely strong winds,
because Japan often experiences wind storms called typhoons.
The bridge was also designed to withstand powerful earthquakes, which sometimes hit Japan.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century,
the world's tallest free-standing tower was the Canadian National Tower, or the CN Tower.
The CN tower is 553 meters tall.
It is located in the city of Toronto, within the Canadian province of Ontario.
This structure was built in 1975 as a television and radio tower.
Before the CN tower was built, TV and radio reception in the Toronto area was poor.
This was because the TV and radio signals were blocked by the buildings of downtown Toronto.
When the CN tower was built, this problem was solved.
Of course, the CN tower is also a famous tourist attraction.
People can ride in the very fast elevators that take them to observation areas,
which are at about 350 and 450 meters above the ground.
Although the CN Tower is the world's tallest tower, it is not an office building.
The tallest buildings in the world are the Petronas Towers, in the city of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
and the Sears Tower, in the American city of Chicago.
The Sears Tower, which is 442 meters tall, was completed in 1974.
It has 110 floors, and its top floor is the highest office floor in the world.
However, the Petronas Towers reach slightly higher, to a height of 452 meters.
The Petronas Towers were completed in 1998.
Obviously, the late twentieth century witnessed some amazing achievements of engineering.
It will be very interesting to see what new wonders will be constructed in the twenty-first century!
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