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227. Newspapers

Vocab level: B2
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All the great cities in the world now have newspapers.
But newspapers, as we know them today, are not that old.
The very first newspapers began long after the invention of printing.
They started in Europe in the 1600s, and were usually only a couple of pages long.
For a long time, newspapers were not very common.
Governments didn't want public discussion of their policies and decisions.
Often they closed down papers, or taxed them heavily.
The "Stamp Tax" on newspapers and pamphlets was one of the causes of the American Revolution.
Newspapers began to grow in size when they discovered advertising as a source of income.
Nowadays, advertising is the main revenue source for most newspapers.
As newspapers became more widely circulated, they could ask for more money for their advertisements.
By the late eighteenth century, newspapers were in common use in Europe.
The 1800s and early 1900s was the golden age of newspapers.
Improvements in transportation, communication and printing processes made it easier to collect news from near and far
and to publish papers more quickly and more cheaply.
The Weekly Dispatch and the Times, both of London, England,
were leading newspapers through much of the 1800s.
The Times was one of the first papers to include illustrations.
It was the first newspaper to use a steam engine to turn the presses.
When the tax on newspapers was reduced in 1836,
the Times was able to increase its size considerably.
In 1840, it began to use the telegraph to collect news stories.
In 1855 the tax on newspapers was finally lifted.
The Times made its greatest reputation during the Crimean War between Britain and Russia.
British armies, fighting in Russia's Crimean Peninsula, were not only unsuccessful in the war,
but were suffering severely from illnesses.
The Times sent out the world's first war correspondent,
William Howard Russell, in 1854.
His reports from the battle lines had a powerful effect on the British public.
A War Fund was organized to help the soldiers.
Russell forced the government to accept the offer of Florence Nightingale to organize nurses to travel to Crimea.
A photographer, Roger Fenton, sent back photos from the war, which were published in the Times.
Meanwhile in America, a more popular approach to newspapers had developed.
The newspaper had spread west with the pioneers, and nearly every little settlement had its own paper.
American newspapers were cheaper and livelier than British ones.
They were aimed at the average person, rather than the governing class.
Examples of the new style of editing and publishing were Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.
Hearst, especially, employed sensational and emotional writing, which aimed at stirring up the public to action.
Hearst is sometimes accused of starting the Spanish-American War of 1898 with his over-heated editorials.
Nonetheless, his methods were successful in raising circulation and were widely imitated.
The modern newspaper contains more than hard news.
In fact, news may be a fairly small part of it.
Advertisements, gossip, show business,
photos of celebrities, sports, stock market prices, horoscopes,
comic strips, weather reports and much more are found in its pages.
The modern newspaper is a total entertainment package.
A question for the future is whether electronic newspapers will replace paper newspapers.